Phd-Day-02~19/08/2025

📖 PhD Journey Log – 19/08/2025

Today, Polly Ma’am, along with the M.A. 3rd semester students, taught us about the aims and objectives of research.

1.Specific objectives of research include:

2.To determine the frequency of events or phenomena.

3.To test a hypothesis by examining causal relationships between different variables.

4.To move from experience and common sense towards broader generalizations.

🍃The Research Process (as explained in class)

Common Sense → our initial knowledge, based on daily experiences.

Generalizations → forming broad statements or assumptions from repeated experiences.

Hypothesis → a tentative assumption or explanation that can be tested scientifically.

Theory → a well-tested, systematic explanation that connects and organizes various hypotheses.

🔹 Examples of Causal Relationships

Cause → Effect relationships are central in research.

They may be positively related (both variables increase together) or negatively related (one increases, the other decreases).

Positive relationship example: Higher educational opportunities → Higher employment rates.

Negative relationship example: Crime against women is negatively related to educational status (as education increases, crime rates tend to decrease).

🍁Reference to Polly Ma’am’s Work

She also mentioned one of her write-ups on methodology in research (published on ResearchGate).