Phd-Day-04(21/08/2025)

 Classnotes-AB

1. Concept of Law – understanding of law

2. Salmond’s Definition – law is the body of principles

3. Axiom – a statement which is assumed to be true

4. Mens Rea – guilty mind or criminal intention

5. Privity of Contract – only parties to a contract have rights and duties

6. Presumption of Innocence – every accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty

7. Law is made of rules

8. Judges create law through interpretation

9. Definition by John Austin – law is the command of the sovereign backed by sanction

10. Definition by Salmond – law is a body of principles recognized and applied by the State

11. Definition by Blackstone – law is a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power

12. Standard of Law – provides a general standard of behavior, applied in classroom, society, courts, and daily life

13. Sources of Law –

  a) Leges Posteriores – later laws override earlier ones

  b) Judicial Decisions – courts interpret and create precedents

  c) Judicial Practice / Judgement Debtors – enforcement of rights through court orders

14. Evidence of Law – meaning of law from different perspectives such as social, political, religious, and cultural